What is the primary health effect of exposure to ionizing radiation?

The primary health effect of exposure to ionizing radiation is an increased risk of cancer. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, which can damage DNA within cells. This damage may lead to mutations and changes in cellular behavior, potentially resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

While other options, such as reduced immune function, skin irritation, and hair loss, can occur due to radiation exposure in certain contexts, they are not considered the most significant long-term health risk. The carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation are well-documented and are a major concern in both occupational and medical settings, where individuals may be exposed to higher levels of radiation. Understanding this primary health effect is crucial for implementing proper safety protocols and minimizing risks associated with radiation exposure.