How do modern X-Ray tubes operate in comparison to Crooke's Tubes?

Modern X-ray tubes and Crookes tubes operate on the same basic principle: they both involve the movement of electrons and their interaction with a target material to produce radiation. In both types of tubes, an electric current is used to generate electrons, which are accelerated towards a target. Upon striking the target, these electrons undergo deceleration, resulting in the emission of X-rays.

While the technologies and efficiencies have evolved significantly since the time of Crookes tubes, the core concept of electron acceleration and subsequent radiation generation remains similar. Modern X-ray tubes, however, implement advanced designs, optimized materials, and better vacuum conditions that enhance the yield and quality of the X-ray output, making them vastly more effective in clinical and diagnostic applications. Despite these advancements, the fundamental operation based on electron dynamics and radiation production is what aligns both types of tubes.